Biography of the Peoples Commissar of Lunacharsky

Lomonosov, with the name of which is associated with the Russian national scientifically delivered pedagogical system, in order to prepare his, “natural”, Russian experts, managed to create conditions for the formation of the student’s personality, stubbornly defending the idea of ​​an unclean school, which he certainly succeeded: at the university and gymnasiums, everyone who “climbed”.

The efforts of Lomonosov, gymnasium students were kept on a “full state kit”. The training fee was first introduced in the city of the Russian People for Russia, headed by A. Lunacharsky, set the task of organizing a universal free school, as well as the creation of children's nurseries, kindergartens, orphanages, and everywhere there was free food for children.

Even at the dawn of the 20th century, in one of his early works “Fundamentals of Positive Aesthetics”, A. Lunacharsky expressed his social ideal - “the ideal of a society of people in which the struggle between people takes on the nature of the competition in achieving different ways of the same goal.” This majestic goal Lunacharsky considered the construction of a socially fair society based on the principles of freedom, equality and brotherhood, t.

With the appointment of A. Lunacharsky, the People's Commissar of Education, he, in fact, had to “embrace the immense”. For 12 years - the People's Commissariat of People's Commissars was engaged not only in the problems of education: it was in charge of kindergartens and schools, all higher educational institutions, research institutions; extracurricular institutions, including Likbez, libraries, museums, theaters, music, architecture, cinema, publishing house, censorship; General theoretical and methodological work of the State Scientific Council.

The main thing was to make education, science, art, all the spiritual values ​​of the property of the masses, change the worldview and spiritual world of each person, to turn each member of society into a conscious and active builder of socialism. Moreover, the scale of tasks in the field of culture was so great that it was rightfully characterized as a cultural revolution. An important task was the change in social psychology, moral principles and aesthetic views of people.

Thus, all segments of the population were involved in the process of the cultural revolution, all spheres of public life permeated its goals. Lunacharsky was looking for, often mistaken, not all that he planned was succeeded, but it was the search and mistakes of an honest thinker. Actual mistakes - and this is the preaching of “the combination of scientific socialism with religion”, and the statement: “Marxism, as philosophy, is a new, deeply critical religious system” - Lenin subjected severe and uncompromising criticism in the book “Materialism and empiriocriticism” returning to the years of “then errors”, in Lunacharsky writes the article “To the question of philosophical discussion - gg.

But after that, a whole quarter of a century was lived in tireless work! The chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Molotov accused Lunacharsky of ties with Trotsky. The People's Commissar of Education was not first elected to the CEC, although the commission created by the congress, which included S. Kirov and G. Ordzhonikidze, the very next day refuted Molotov's accusations.

The former chairman of the scientific committee at the CEC of the USSR Lunacharsky at the party “cleaning” staged a “general check” of his previous works, of which many were “prohibited” - in the “special guard”. The bureaucratic Tavro “ideologically cannot be sustained” stands on the brochures: A. Enlightenment and Revolution M. These works and 36 others came out “out of imprisonment” only in the city, despite the authority that Lunacharsky used in his country and abroad, he was constantly subjected to - especially after the death of Lenin - “attacks of the most critical property, most of the unreasonable and inability”, 5 - 5 - 5 - 5 The philosopher M.

characterizes those years the objective characteristic of the attitude of the publicists towards A. Lunacharsky gives journalist Kim Smirnov: “Look, with which the frontal orientation there are now attacks on Lunacharsky. Something unclean, “demon” is in all these current manipulations with historical facts, in building them in a unambiguous, given line, in adjusting the facts for their own scrolls of templates.

That's exactly what the “demons” of Dostoevsky did ... Going on a lie in order to adjust reality under their dogmas ... Demons are always against the genius. Their characteristic feature at all times, among all peoples - hatred of an extraordinary, zoological rejection of talent, trampling everything that rises above the average level, into mud, into vulgarity.

” The deliberate distortion of Lunacharsky’s thoughts, their peculiar interpretation for the sake of the conjuncture of time could be found later, but it was almost impossible to refute, and not because there were not enough reasoned objections, but because they were almost not printed. In my home archive, up to a dozen “rebukes” - rejected in those years, the editorial offices of various magazines and newspapers of articles that I wrote in defense of A.

Lunacharsky, on the basis of documents from the archive of his daughter Irina Anatolyevna, are stored.Then only two publications responded to my requests for publication: the Moscow University newspaper, which printed the article “In captivity by fashion. Lunacharsky in the magical crystal of modern journalism, and the magazine "Communist". One of the employees of the Communist Party of the Communist, said that the political observer of the magazine I.

Dedkov "agreed with the position of the author and the persuasiveness of argumentation." But in the same year, the ideological magazine reformed in “Free Thought”, and Igor Alexandrovich Dedkov - in the height of creative forces! And here the answer to the question is important: “What did the Teacher themselves incriminated the drug addict - from the point of view of the 90 -and -based close ones to us?

The author of the “notes” directly declares: “The People’s Commissioner played along with Sharikov and the Schwonders”: after all, “key posts in the state were held by poorly educated people. Lunacharsky was no exception. ” But “how did a little -educated person lead the entire culture of Russia? The categorical conclusion of the “once -famous Moscow teacher” discourages: “From the very beginning, Lunacharsky did not take up his own business” - this was heard by the entire one and a half million audience - subscribers of the newspaper of that time, and many believed the testimony of this - angry letters.

However, with such a characteristic of the Government of the Republic of Soviets, the representative of the American Red Cross in Russia in the city could hardly agree to doubt the sincerity of academician Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, who was elected in the city of Lunacharsky a man of huge culture and exceptional erudition. He recalled the impression of Lunacharsky on foreign scientists present at the celebration of the anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the city Some foreign scientists who did not know Anatoly Vasilyevich thought that they would see a Bolshevik commissar in a leather jacket with a revolver behind a belt, as they were drawn by the bourgeois press in the West, and he would proclaim communist slogans.

And how pleasantly disappointed and surprised when they appeared in front of them, a charming person appeared, behind every word of which there was a huge culture and in whose speech a sincere love of knowledge, for science, for humanity sounded. ” Lunacharsky began a speech in Russian, then switched to German, French, English, Italian, continued in the Swedish, in the Norwegian, in Greek and finished "the magnificent forged Latin of Virgil." Indeed, the erudition of Lunacharsky was colossal: philosophy, religion, sociology of culture, aesthetics, art, European and Russian literature, the theory and methodology of literary criticism and the art of history - these are the main areas that include its many works, and there are more than 4.5 thousand names!

Pursuing an analogy with M. Lomonosov, Varlah Shalamov called Lunacharsky “First Soviet University”. In the city, the author of “Notice” is unprovenly attributed to Lunacharsky “organic aversion to educational institutions”, “atrocities committed over teachers”, “control over the teaching of ignorant nominees and arrears”, “contrasting the collective family” and other “shallow courage that testify to the striking myopia of Lunacharsky in matters of pedagogy”.

The pile of obvious absurdities, the sophistication of fabrications, the gross stretchs are not accidental: the main thing is visible behind this - to strengthen the negative image of the first People's Commissar of Education. This unprecedented lie, offensive to the People’s Commissar - a statesman and defaming him as a person, is refuted by the whole life of Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky.

And here it is necessary to recall at least briefly the main milestones of his biography. In his "happy childhood", he said, he absorbed the "civilian mind and heart" of his own father - Alexander Ivanovich Antonov. The state adviser did not hide his radical views, developing in his son an inquisitive mind and attention to social life, instilling interest in people, books, music, nature.

The father also taught him to independently search for knowledge - this was especially helped by the young man at a time when his scholasticism hated him reigned in the gymnasium. At the age of 13, Lunacharsky “studied along and across” the first volume of K. Marx, in 15 - joined the party of the Social University and conducted propaganda among workers. From Zurich, where he began to study at the university, he had to leave on call to a sick brother in Nice; Then Reims, Paris - the life of the brother must be saved.

And everywhere - intensive, hard work on self -education. Rastation against the largest socialists - P. Lavrov, G. Plekhanov, R. Luxembourg, J. Jores - determined the fate of Lunacharsky. Since the year, he has been involved in the revolutionary struggle, and the subsequent years - this time was put in prisons 8 times, links and wandering on the “hails and weights” of the Russian Empire and Europe.

The eternal seeker, he earned every moment of life to fill with substantial labor. In Switzerland, for two years, he has been working hard on pedagogical problems, attend schools, gets acquainted with large innovators in the field of education, and studies the latest teaching methods in schools in Europe and America. Since the year, the editorial offices of the newspapers “Forward” and “Proletarian” Lunacharsky is actively fighting for the Marxist line.

The courageous romance of the revolutionary struggle also blows from the articles of the “Voinov” - Lunaursky: he calls for writers to devote their work to those who “seek to redo the world”, to make it “fair and beautiful”. The mandate on the appointment of the People’s Commissar, received in Lenin, by decision of the second congress of Soviets, obliged A. Lunacharsky much, but did not protect from difficulties - and they began immediately: the officials of the Ministry of Education left the building, and the teachers refused to teach the children.

Anyone who agreed to work with the Soviets was declared a traitor and subjected to a boycott. Therefore, Lunacharsky was happy to meet those intellectuals of then very rare who considered it their duty to work in a new regime. First of all, it was necessary to attract an old school teaching to work - only Lunacharsky could do this. The bourgeois press was gloatingly picked up the numbers from the report of the People’s Commissar: "One pencil for 60 students, one feather - for 22 students and on one inkwell." Lunacharsky did not take reproaches for excessive frankness, resolutely refusing to "build the Potemkin villages." In practice, the effectiveness of many innovative teaching methods was also checked.

So, from the complex program of P. Blonsky, from foreign Dalon Plan and the “project method” had to be abandoned as unpromising. The masses eager for teaching were needed strong knowledge, and the school returned to the subject method of learning. The leading note in the activities of the first People's Commissar of Education is a person. Science, art, education - everything in the name of that “genuine”, as he said, is a person: this is a harmoniously developed and spiritually developed person who has a wide general education and capable of acquiring skills in some area, a benevolent “comrade to all other people” and “fighter for the socialist ideal”.

These thoughts were reflected in the “basic principles of a single labor school” created by the People's Commissariat of the People’s Commissariat, translated into European languages, was a step forward in the development of world pedagogical science. For the first time in the world, the one was created by the People's Commissar of People's Commissars not to be confused with the uniform!

The indigenous coup was the introduction of a multi -stage, continuous education, starting from kindergarten and ending with the university. The main feature of the new school, the People's Commissar of People's Commissar, calls its labor character. At the I All -Russian Congress at Enlightenment, Lunacharsky said that "life outside of labor is an empty phrase."